Diagnostic and treatment dilemma during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a primary pulmonary lymphoma presenting as a cavitary mass in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019: a case report.

BACKGROUND: A radiological finding of a cavitary pulmonary lesion in a patient acutely infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 early during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic created a diagnostic and treatment dilemma, as invasive procedures with bronchoscopy and percutaneous needle lung biopsy posed an infection hazard to healthcare workers due to the associated risk of viral aerosolization. Available guidelines recommended delay of non-emergent procedures, but timely proceeding with those deemed urgent provided appropriate personal protective equipment and negative pressure isolation were available and exposure risk was not excessive. Thoughtful consideration by clinicians was required to avoid delay in diagnosis of a potential new malignancy and prevent unnecessary healthcare worker exposure to the virus. Additionally, acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection in patients with malignancy complicated timing of oncologic treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: A 26-year-old otherwise healthy Caucasian male initially presented with an enlarging right upper lobe cavitary pulmonary lesion despite antimicrobial therapy. During his hospitalization and evaluation, the patient was found to be acutely infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 without hypoxia or viral pneumonia. Bronchoscopy was deemed too high risk for viral aerosolization and healthcare worker infection. He underwent computed-tomography-guided percutaneous needle biopsy of the lesion by interventional radiology while on mechanical ventilation after elective intubation by anesthesiology. Biopsy revealed classic Hodgkin lymphoma consistent with primary pulmonary Hodgkin lymphoma. After collaboration with oncology, his treatment with combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy was delayed for 3 weeks following diagnosis to allow for viral clearance. CONCLUSION: A careful multidisciplinary strategy is required to expeditiously diagnose and treat aggressive cancers of the respiratory tract in patients acutely infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 while observing practices to prevent healthcare worker infection during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

US Sick Leave In Global Context: US Eligibility Rules Widen Inequalities Despite Readily Available Solutions.

Research has demonstrated that paid sick leave reduces the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases and improves preventive care and access to treatment across a wide range of conditions. However, the US has no national paid sick leave policy, and even unpaid leave via the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993-often viewed as a foundation for new paid leave legislation-is often inaccessible to workers. We analyzed data from a nationally representative survey to determine the extent to which specific FMLA features produce gaps and disparities in leave access. We then used comparative policy data from 193 countries to analyze whether these policy features are necessary or prevalent globally, or whether there are common alternatives. We found that the FMLA's minimum hours requirement disproportionately excludes women, whereas its tenure requirement disproportionately excludes Black, Indigenous, and multiracial workers. Latinx workers also face greater exclusion because of employer size requirements. Of the 94 percent of countries that provide permanent paid sick leave, none broadly restrict leave based on employer size, and 93 percent cover part-time workers without a minimum hours requirement. Enacting permanent paid sick leave that is accessible regardless of employer size, tenure, or hours is critical and feasible.

Preventing immigration detention of children: a comparative study of laws in 150 countries

The COVID-19 pandemic has shined a spotlight on the fundamental incompatibility of immigration detention with health. Yet immigration detention's threats to human rights did not begin with COVID-19. International treaties are clear that detaining children based on citizenship is a violation of human rights law. However, for international treaties and agreements to be fulfilled, most individual countries must enact domestic laws and policies to implement their commitments. In this study, we examine how many countries have laws to limit the detention of children.To assess the legislative protections for migrant and refugee children from detention, we created quantitatively comparable data on legal provisions across the 150 most populous UN member states. Our primary sources consisted of national-level laws, regulations, ministerial decisions, and executive decrees pertaining to asylum-seekers, refugees, and immigration.Globally, less than a quarter of countries legally protect unaccompanied asylum-seekers from detention and only 11% do so for accompanied minor migrants. Among countries that permit detention in at least some circumstances, only a minority address basic rights such as separation from adult strangers, family unity, access to education, and access to health care. Yet effective and human rights-respecting alternatives to detention exist;the evidence on these is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Human Rights is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Protecting health during COVID-19 and beyond: A global examination of paid sick leave design in 193 countries.

Well-designed paid sick leave is critical to ensure workers stay home when sick to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens, both when the economy is open and during an economic shutdown. To assess whether paid sick leave is available in countries around the world, we created and analysed a database of legislative guarantees of paid leave for personal illness in 193 UN member states. Original labour and social security legislation and global information on social security systems for each country were obtained and analysed by a multilingual research team using a common coding framework. While strong models exist across low- middle- and high-income countries, critical gaps that jeopardise health and economic security remain. 27% of countries do not guarantee paid sick leave from the first day of illness, essential to encouraging workers to stay home when they are sick and prevent spread. 58% of countries do not have explicit provisions to ensure self-employed and gig economy workers have access to paid sick leave benefits. Comprehensive paid sick leave policies that cover all workers are urgently needed if we are to reduce the spread of COVID-19, and be ready to respond to threats from new pathogens.